Prosjektnummer
900778
Migration and predation of Atlantic salmon smolts from Vosso / Smoltvandring og predasjon ut av Vosso
Project results
The study suggests that survival of cultivated smolt through the estuary of Vosso is low (< 20 %) and may potentially be dependent on smolt migration speed through the complex fjord system. The current trout population in the Vosso system seems to be at historically low levels and it is most likely the reason for the relatively low catches of trout observed within Bolstadfjorden.
The results indicate that trout aggregate in areas where acoustically tagged smolt disappear which suggests that predation from trout can partly explain the mortality of smolt through the estuary. However, tag losses related to these aggregations are not particularly high compared to estimates from other studies.
In conclusion, it is not apparent from the results in this study that predation from trout in Bolstadfjorden alone can explain the low recruitment of salmon to the Vosso system. The release of cultivated smolt in the river yields very low returns due to fact that few fish are able to navigate through the estuary. Moreover, the study cannot conclusively answer to what degree this applies to the wild smolt, however there are indications that navigation and survival of wild fish are higher than cultivated fish. The results also suggest that the output of wild salmon smolt from the Vosso river is low compared to the estimated potential for smolt production and is an important subject that requires further evaluation in order to increase the understanding of what is needed to re-establish and sustain a viable salmon stock in the Vosso system.
In Norwegian
Hovedmålet med prosjektet var å studere vandringen, overlevelsen og predasjon på vill og kultivert laksesmolt fra Vossovassdraget og evaluere om predasjon fra sjøørret i Bolstadfjorden er en flaskehals som hindrer reetableringen av vill laks til vassdraget. Overlevelsen av kultivert og merket smolt gjennom Bolstadfjorden og forbi Stamnes var lav (< 20 %), og er sannsynligvis koblet til at laksesmolten har en lang oppholdstid i estuariet. Sjøørretbestanden i Vossovassdraget virker til å være i dårlig forfatning sett i forhold til historiske fangster. Dette kan være en av årsakene til at fangstene av sjøørret i Bolstadfjorden var lave.
The study suggests that survival of cultivated smolt through the estuary of Vosso is low (< 20 %) and may potentially be dependent on smolt migration speed through the complex fjord system. The current trout population in the Vosso system seems to be at historically low levels and it is most likely the reason for the relatively low catches of trout observed within Bolstadfjorden.
The results indicate that trout aggregate in areas where acoustically tagged smolt disappear which suggests that predation from trout can partly explain the mortality of smolt through the estuary. However, tag losses related to these aggregations are not particularly high compared to estimates from other studies.
In conclusion, it is not apparent from the results in this study that predation from trout in Bolstadfjorden alone can explain the low recruitment of salmon to the Vosso system. The release of cultivated smolt in the river yields very low returns due to fact that few fish are able to navigate through the estuary. Moreover, the study cannot conclusively answer to what degree this applies to the wild smolt, however there are indications that navigation and survival of wild fish are higher than cultivated fish. The results also suggest that the output of wild salmon smolt from the Vosso river is low compared to the estimated potential for smolt production and is an important subject that requires further evaluation in order to increase the understanding of what is needed to re-establish and sustain a viable salmon stock in the Vosso system.
In Norwegian
Hovedmålet med prosjektet var å studere vandringen, overlevelsen og predasjon på vill og kultivert laksesmolt fra Vossovassdraget og evaluere om predasjon fra sjøørret i Bolstadfjorden er en flaskehals som hindrer reetableringen av vill laks til vassdraget. Overlevelsen av kultivert og merket smolt gjennom Bolstadfjorden og forbi Stamnes var lav (< 20 %), og er sannsynligvis koblet til at laksesmolten har en lang oppholdstid i estuariet. Sjøørretbestanden i Vossovassdraget virker til å være i dårlig forfatning sett i forhold til historiske fangster. Dette kan være en av årsakene til at fangstene av sjøørret i Bolstadfjorden var lave.
Samtidig viser merkeforsøk på sjøørret og laksesmolt at en del av de merkede laksesmoltene forsvinner i de områdene sjøørreten samler seg i Bolstadfjorden. Det er derimot ikke noen oppsiktsvekkende høy estimert dødelighet knyttet til disse aggregeringene i Bolstadfjorden sammenlignet med dødelighets estimater fra andre estuarier.
Det konkluderes med at det ikke virker som den nåværende predasjonen fra sjøørret i Bolstadfjorden hindrer en reetablering av Vossolaksen. Det er derimot åpenbart en lav overlevelse gjennom estuariet av grupper av kultivert smolt som blir sluppet i vassdraget. En har ikke resultater som med sikkerhet kan si hvor overførbart dette er for villfisk. Resultatene indikerer derimot at overlevelsen til villfisk gjennom estuariet er høyere enn kultivert fisk. Estimater for hvor mye vill smolt som vandrer ut av vassdraget var betydelig lavere enn det forventede potensiale for smoltproduksjons i Vossovassdraget, og dette misforholdet bør undersøkes nærmere.
Det konkluderes med at det ikke virker som den nåværende predasjonen fra sjøørret i Bolstadfjorden hindrer en reetablering av Vossolaksen. Det er derimot åpenbart en lav overlevelse gjennom estuariet av grupper av kultivert smolt som blir sluppet i vassdraget. En har ikke resultater som med sikkerhet kan si hvor overførbart dette er for villfisk. Resultatene indikerer derimot at overlevelsen til villfisk gjennom estuariet er høyere enn kultivert fisk. Estimater for hvor mye vill smolt som vandrer ut av vassdraget var betydelig lavere enn det forventede potensiale for smoltproduksjons i Vossovassdraget, og dette misforholdet bør undersøkes nærmere.
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Final report: Migration and predation of Atlantic salmon smolts from Vosso / Smoltvandring og predasjon ut av Vosso
Uni Miljø. Final report. Preliminary version without ISSN-number. Februar 2014. By Knut Wiik Vollset (Uni Miljø), Bjørn Torgeir Barlaup (Uni Miljø), Shad Mahlum (Uni Miljø), Bjørnar Skår (Uni Miljø), Helge Skoglund (Uni Miljø), Eirik Straume Normann (Uni Miljø), Jens Christian Holst (Ecosystemsbased advisors and developers), Vidar Wennevik (Institute of Marine Research), and Georg Skaet (Institute of Marine Research).
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Final report: Migration and predation of Atlantic salmon smolts from Vosso / Smoltvandring og predasjon ut av Vosso
Uni Miljø. Final report. Preliminary version without ISSN-number. Februar 2014. By Knut Wiik Vollset (Uni Miljø), Bjørn Torgeir Barlaup (Uni Miljø), Shad Mahlum (Uni Miljø), Bjørnar Skår (Uni Miljø), Helge Skoglund (Uni Miljø), Eirik Straume Normann (Uni Miljø), Jens Christian Holst (Ecosystemsbased advisors and developers), Vidar Wennevik (Institute of Marine Research), and Georg Skaet (Institute of Marine Research).
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Presentasjon: Suksess med reetablering av Vossolaksen: Vossoprosjektet og følgeforskning
Uni Research. Foredrag på FHF-fagsamlingen Verdikjede havbruk 21.–22.oktober 2013. Av Tor Solberg og Bjørn Barlaup.
Background
In the Vossoproject predation has been suggested to be an element in the continued suppression of the famous Atlantic salmon population. The arguments behind this hypothesis are that experiments with acoustic transmitters in cultivated smolts have failed to register a large proportion of fish outside the Bolstadfjord, and that smolt has been found in the stomachs of trout captured in Bolstadfjorden. However, while these results indicate that sea trout predate on migrating smolts, they do not allow us to scale the results up to a population level.
For predation to have a role in the last two decades poor recruitment of the Vosso salmon, one out of two situations must have occurred. Either, (1) predation in the inner fjord system is strongly density dependent causing a higher prey mortality at low concentrations. Alternatively, (2) there has been an alteration in the ecosystem, increasing the predation rate due to an either reproductive numerical response or an aggregative response at small spatial and temporal scales. To study this it is imperative to apply a number of approaches. The different approaches cannot by themselves give a final answer to the role of predation, but will in combination be a large contribution to our understanding of the situation in Bolstadfjorden.
In the Vossoproject predation has been suggested to be an element in the continued suppression of the famous Atlantic salmon population. The arguments behind this hypothesis are that experiments with acoustic transmitters in cultivated smolts have failed to register a large proportion of fish outside the Bolstadfjord, and that smolt has been found in the stomachs of trout captured in Bolstadfjorden. However, while these results indicate that sea trout predate on migrating smolts, they do not allow us to scale the results up to a population level.
For predation to have a role in the last two decades poor recruitment of the Vosso salmon, one out of two situations must have occurred. Either, (1) predation in the inner fjord system is strongly density dependent causing a higher prey mortality at low concentrations. Alternatively, (2) there has been an alteration in the ecosystem, increasing the predation rate due to an either reproductive numerical response or an aggregative response at small spatial and temporal scales. To study this it is imperative to apply a number of approaches. The different approaches cannot by themselves give a final answer to the role of predation, but will in combination be a large contribution to our understanding of the situation in Bolstadfjorden.
Objectives
To document the migration of Atlantic salmon smolt through the inner fjord system “Bolstadfjorden” and the potential predation mortality during this early phase of migration.
To document the migration of Atlantic salmon smolt through the inner fjord system “Bolstadfjorden” and the potential predation mortality during this early phase of migration.
Subgoals
• To document and identify predators in the estuarine system in Osterfjorden (WP1).
• To identify the habitat use of estuarine population of trout and sea-trout in the Bolstadfjord (WP2).
• To evaluate the timing and speed of migration of salmon through the Bolstadfjord (WP3).
• To design and carry out a stratified acoustic survey of the Evanger Lake, the Bolstadfjord, and at two positions north and south of Stamnes to monitor the smolt migration and predator abundance through the inner migration route of the Vosso smolt (WP4).
• To describe the development of the sprat stock in the Osterfjord system during the period 1980 to 2012 (WP5).
• To parameterize a multispecies model to estimate predation on and mortality estimates for smolt in Bolstadfjorden (WP6)
• To developed a bioenergetics model linking potential predation of smolts by trout and the growth of trout (WP6).
• To develop a hydrodynamic model to assess the fjord circulation in the Bolstadfjord (WP6).
• To document and identify predators in the estuarine system in Osterfjorden (WP1).
• To identify the habitat use of estuarine population of trout and sea-trout in the Bolstadfjord (WP2).
• To evaluate the timing and speed of migration of salmon through the Bolstadfjord (WP3).
• To design and carry out a stratified acoustic survey of the Evanger Lake, the Bolstadfjord, and at two positions north and south of Stamnes to monitor the smolt migration and predator abundance through the inner migration route of the Vosso smolt (WP4).
• To describe the development of the sprat stock in the Osterfjord system during the period 1980 to 2012 (WP5).
• To parameterize a multispecies model to estimate predation on and mortality estimates for smolt in Bolstadfjorden (WP6)
• To developed a bioenergetics model linking potential predation of smolts by trout and the growth of trout (WP6).
• To develop a hydrodynamic model to assess the fjord circulation in the Bolstadfjord (WP6).
Expected project impact
The main aim of the project is to get an estimate of the mortality exerted by trout on the outward migrating smolt from the Vosso river, and evaluate the predation on smolts. The modeling exercise will be an important tool to link data from the different work packages, and give input to evaluation of how seatrout might influence smolt mortality in other systems.
The main aim of the project is to get an estimate of the mortality exerted by trout on the outward migrating smolt from the Vosso river, and evaluate the predation on smolts. The modeling exercise will be an important tool to link data from the different work packages, and give input to evaluation of how seatrout might influence smolt mortality in other systems.
Project design and implementation
The project is divided into six work packages to study the survival, migration and predation of smolts in the inner fjord system:
WP1: Identification of predator in the estuarine systems
WP2: Migration behavior and habitat use of sea-trout in Bolstadfjorden
WP3: Migration of Atlantic salmon trout through inner fjord system
WP4: Acoustic estimate of smolt and trout, including survey design
WP5: Sprat stock in the Osterfjord system
WP6: Combined migration, mortality and bioenergetic modeling
The multispecies modeling will be based on input from the following sources of information:
1. Sampling from WP1 will map the species distribution, while stomach analysis will be used as basis for estimating consumption rate of smolt (varying in time and by stratum).
2. Acoustic tagging of trout from WP2 will give information on the migratory patterns (feeding migrations) and variation in stock structure (additional information to the trolling surveys).
3. Results from WP3 will produce information on migration and will be used to investigate the assumptions made in the model. In addition the CWT tagging experiment in WP3 will also produce independent information on mortality conditional on release site.
4. A series of acoustic minisurveys spread out in time and using a fixed stratification of the estuary (WP 4).
5. Results from the IMR trawl surveys in the Osterfjord system from 4 years during the period 2000 to 2012 will be used as indicators of smolt and trout in the outer part of the system. In addition a trawl acoustic estimate will be produced for the sprat stock in May 2012 which will complement a corresponding estimate from the pre collapse period of the sprat stock made in 1984.
The project is divided into six work packages to study the survival, migration and predation of smolts in the inner fjord system:
WP1: Identification of predator in the estuarine systems
WP2: Migration behavior and habitat use of sea-trout in Bolstadfjorden
WP3: Migration of Atlantic salmon trout through inner fjord system
WP4: Acoustic estimate of smolt and trout, including survey design
WP5: Sprat stock in the Osterfjord system
WP6: Combined migration, mortality and bioenergetic modeling
The multispecies modeling will be based on input from the following sources of information:
1. Sampling from WP1 will map the species distribution, while stomach analysis will be used as basis for estimating consumption rate of smolt (varying in time and by stratum).
2. Acoustic tagging of trout from WP2 will give information on the migratory patterns (feeding migrations) and variation in stock structure (additional information to the trolling surveys).
3. Results from WP3 will produce information on migration and will be used to investigate the assumptions made in the model. In addition the CWT tagging experiment in WP3 will also produce independent information on mortality conditional on release site.
4. A series of acoustic minisurveys spread out in time and using a fixed stratification of the estuary (WP 4).
5. Results from the IMR trawl surveys in the Osterfjord system from 4 years during the period 2000 to 2012 will be used as indicators of smolt and trout in the outer part of the system. In addition a trawl acoustic estimate will be produced for the sprat stock in May 2012 which will complement a corresponding estimate from the pre collapse period of the sprat stock made in 1984.
The second approach is to use a bio-energetic model to assess the energy gain in predatory trout throughout the smolt run. Sampling from WP1 will form the basis for estimates of growth (condition and length) through the season. The growth/energetic modeling will be used to validate the mortality estimates from the multispecies model and the tagging data from WP3.
The third approach is to use a fine scale (<50 m grid) hydrodynamic model to calculate the residence time of water in the Bolstadfjord. Uni Computing is already modeling the Osterfjordsystem on a coarser grid in the “VOSSO Områdetilnærming” project. This part of the project will thus be time and cost effective. The results from this exercise will give important information about the current and past situation in the Bolstadfjord and will in addition be used to validate the migration speed estimates of smolt.
Dissemination of project results
In addition to yearly status reports and final report, the project will be reported in the ongoing projects surrounding the activity in Vosso; “Redningsaksjonen for Vossolaksen” (The Vosso salmon rescue project) which is organized through Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management and the County Governor of Hordaland, “VOSSO Områdetilnærming”, the expanded project concerning the whole bay system and rivers in the Osterfjorden financed by the administration of Hordaland County and “Vossolauget” an organization financing work related to the reestablishment of the Vosso salmon through capital from the fish farmers. The constellation of these organizations and projects is commonly called the Vossoproject.
It is also an aim to publish results in high impact, peer-reviewed international research journals within the field of salmonid ecology, fisheries biology and general ecology. In addition, international conferences and workshops will be important arenas to convey results, establish international contacts and keep up to date within the field.
Publishing results in popular science media will also be important to convey the results to the general public. All such publishing will go through an internal review process at Uni Miljø and Vossolauget.
Important milestones in the project will be:
• Scientific publications (3), autumn 2013
• Workshop, summer/autumn 2012
• Status reports, autumn 2012
• Final report, autumn 2013
In addition to yearly status reports and final report, the project will be reported in the ongoing projects surrounding the activity in Vosso; “Redningsaksjonen for Vossolaksen” (The Vosso salmon rescue project) which is organized through Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management and the County Governor of Hordaland, “VOSSO Områdetilnærming”, the expanded project concerning the whole bay system and rivers in the Osterfjorden financed by the administration of Hordaland County and “Vossolauget” an organization financing work related to the reestablishment of the Vosso salmon through capital from the fish farmers. The constellation of these organizations and projects is commonly called the Vossoproject.
It is also an aim to publish results in high impact, peer-reviewed international research journals within the field of salmonid ecology, fisheries biology and general ecology. In addition, international conferences and workshops will be important arenas to convey results, establish international contacts and keep up to date within the field.
Publishing results in popular science media will also be important to convey the results to the general public. All such publishing will go through an internal review process at Uni Miljø and Vossolauget.
Important milestones in the project will be:
• Scientific publications (3), autumn 2013
• Workshop, summer/autumn 2012
• Status reports, autumn 2012
• Final report, autumn 2013
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Final report: Migration and predation of Atlantic salmon smolts from Vosso / Smoltvandring og predasjon ut av Vosso
Uni Miljø. Final report. Preliminary version without ISSN-number. Februar 2014. By Knut Wiik Vollset (Uni Miljø), Bjørn Torgeir Barlaup (Uni Miljø), Shad Mahlum (Uni Miljø), Bjørnar Skår (Uni Miljø), Helge Skoglund (Uni Miljø), Eirik Straume Normann (Uni Miljø), Jens Christian Holst (Ecosystemsbased advisors and developers), Vidar Wennevik (Institute of Marine Research), and Georg Skaet (Institute of Marine Research).
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Final report: Migration and predation of Atlantic salmon smolts from Vosso / Smoltvandring og predasjon ut av Vosso
Uni Miljø. Final report. Preliminary version without ISSN-number. Februar 2014. By Knut Wiik Vollset (Uni Miljø), Bjørn Torgeir Barlaup (Uni Miljø), Shad Mahlum (Uni Miljø), Bjørnar Skår (Uni Miljø), Helge Skoglund (Uni Miljø), Eirik Straume Normann (Uni Miljø), Jens Christian Holst (Ecosystemsbased advisors and developers), Vidar Wennevik (Institute of Marine Research), and Georg Skaet (Institute of Marine Research).
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