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Prosjektnummer
900050
Optimal Smolt Production and Post Smolt Performance in the High North: Seawater Intermixing, Low Temperatures and Intensive Rearing (NORSMOLT)
Project results
Water quality is essential for a successful smolt production. In this initiative the project group have been focusing on seawater intermixing, low temperatures and intensive rearing with the intent to propose solutions that can make Northern Norway more self-sufficient with Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts and contribute to improved survival, growth, health and welfare in farmed salmon. Five experiments have been conducted since the project started in April 2008.
In September 2008 the SALIPARR experiment was conducted with juvenile salmon exposed to freshwater (control) or to two different salinities (0.5 and 10 ‰) for a short time. The goal was to reveal possible underlying regulatory mechanisms that can be influence by early exposure to brackish water. The freshwater had no source of aluminium or other metals which could be mobilized by the mixing of seawater. The results showed minor changes in physiological status and no indications of major changes in regulatory mechanisms. The welfare of the fish did not seem compromised by short term exposure to brackish water. The strategy of applying seawater during the pre-smolt stages of production seems feasible.
At the end of 2009 the SALISMOLT experiment was conducted. A control group in the same freshwater as in SALIPARR was compared with three treatment groups exposed to salinities of about 5, 10 and 15 ‰ for 6 weeks during the smoltification period. The project grup found some differences in physiology, but none of these seems to have had any negative influence on the health and welfare of the fish. On the contrary, all the groups exposed to brackish water showed higher feed intake and growth than the control group in fresh water. After transfer to full strength sea water there were no differences in growth between the groups. Neither were there any differences in susceptibility to the winter ulcer bacteria Moritella viscosa. These results indicate that seawater intermixing (up to 14 ‰) can be a feasible strategy before the fish is fully smoltified in areas without problems with metals in the raw water source.
During spring 2010, the experiments COLDSMOLT I and II were conducted. Low temperatures may prevent the fish from responding to the increasing photoperiod by limiting the endocrine responsiveness of key endocrine tissues and target organs. In COLDSMOLT I the project investigated how basic molecular mechanisms and smolt quality of wild Atlantic salmon smolts is affected by temperature during spring. The results showed that the groups completed parr-smolt transformation at different times according to their temperature regimes. The findings are therefore in accordance with the project’s hypothesis that the rate of change in parr-smolt transformation is controlled by temperature following photoperiod stimulation. In COLDSMOLT II the project investigated how temperature controls the rate of acclimation to seawater. Low temperatures may limit the ability of the fish to responding to an increase in salinity by limiting the endocrine responsiveness of key endocrine tissues and target organs. The results showed that the groups responded to the increase in salinity at different rates according to their temperature regimes. The findings are therefore in accordance with other project’s hypothesis that the rate of seawater adaptation is controlled by temperature following completion of parr-smolt transformation.
Water quality is essential for a successful smolt production. In this initiative the project group have been focusing on seawater intermixing, low temperatures and intensive rearing with the intent to propose solutions that can make Northern Norway more self-sufficient with Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts and contribute to improved survival, growth, health and welfare in farmed salmon. Five experiments have been conducted since the project started in April 2008.
In September 2008 the SALIPARR experiment was conducted with juvenile salmon exposed to freshwater (control) or to two different salinities (0.5 and 10 ‰) for a short time. The goal was to reveal possible underlying regulatory mechanisms that can be influence by early exposure to brackish water. The freshwater had no source of aluminium or other metals which could be mobilized by the mixing of seawater. The results showed minor changes in physiological status and no indications of major changes in regulatory mechanisms. The welfare of the fish did not seem compromised by short term exposure to brackish water. The strategy of applying seawater during the pre-smolt stages of production seems feasible.
At the end of 2009 the SALISMOLT experiment was conducted. A control group in the same freshwater as in SALIPARR was compared with three treatment groups exposed to salinities of about 5, 10 and 15 ‰ for 6 weeks during the smoltification period. The project grup found some differences in physiology, but none of these seems to have had any negative influence on the health and welfare of the fish. On the contrary, all the groups exposed to brackish water showed higher feed intake and growth than the control group in fresh water. After transfer to full strength sea water there were no differences in growth between the groups. Neither were there any differences in susceptibility to the winter ulcer bacteria Moritella viscosa. These results indicate that seawater intermixing (up to 14 ‰) can be a feasible strategy before the fish is fully smoltified in areas without problems with metals in the raw water source.
During spring 2010, the experiments COLDSMOLT I and II were conducted. Low temperatures may prevent the fish from responding to the increasing photoperiod by limiting the endocrine responsiveness of key endocrine tissues and target organs. In COLDSMOLT I the project investigated how basic molecular mechanisms and smolt quality of wild Atlantic salmon smolts is affected by temperature during spring. The results showed that the groups completed parr-smolt transformation at different times according to their temperature regimes. The findings are therefore in accordance with the project’s hypothesis that the rate of change in parr-smolt transformation is controlled by temperature following photoperiod stimulation. In COLDSMOLT II the project investigated how temperature controls the rate of acclimation to seawater. Low temperatures may limit the ability of the fish to responding to an increase in salinity by limiting the endocrine responsiveness of key endocrine tissues and target organs. The results showed that the groups responded to the increase in salinity at different rates according to their temperature regimes. The findings are therefore in accordance with other project’s hypothesis that the rate of seawater adaptation is controlled by temperature following completion of parr-smolt transformation.
In the last experiment COMBISMOLT (October 2010 to January 2011), the goal was to test which combinations of intensities, seawater intermixing and temperature would give an optimal production in terms of high survival, growth, health, and low risk of winter ulcer in farmed salmon. Preliminary results show better growth during the treatment period, but lower survival rates in the disease challenge test in the brackish water groups than in the freshwater groups. This indicates that seawater intermixing can allow a smolt production with higher intensity than pure freshwater, if no negative effects like remobilization of metals occur when mixing freshwater with seawater.
In addition, we have used experimental data from the current and previous projects to develop biological input to a production model for Atlantic salmon smolt under Arctic conditions. The initial model development based on industry data shows some interesting results, indicating small effects of production intensity in the freshwater stage on subsequent growth and mortality. Compiled experimental data will be analyzed and compared with these results to shed further light on this issue.
Project organization
The project has been co-financed through the Norwegian Research Council (NRC). NRC has been responsible for ensuring research quality and for administrative project co-ordination. For further details and publications, see also the project page at NRC (NRC project no.: 184997).
In Norwegian
Vannmiljøet har stor betydning for en vellykket smoltproduksjon. I prosjektet NORSMOLT har man undersøkt betydningen av sjøvannsinnblanding, lave temperaturer og intensiv produksjon for vekst, fysiologi, helse og velferd hos yngel og smolt av atlantisk laks. Fem forsøk har blitt gjennomført siden prosjektet startet opp i april 2008.
Høsten 2008 ble SALIPARR forsøket gjennomført med lakseyngel som fikk kortvarig eksponering til saltholdigheter på 0,5 og 10 promille. Målet med forsøket var å avdekke mulige underliggende reguleringsmekanismer som kan påvirkes av tidlig sjøvannseksponering. Det ble funnet små, men markante effekter på ioneregulering og syre-basebalanse. På genutrykksnivå ble det funnet en hvis effekt av de ulike behandlingene, og innen behandling ses klare korrelasjoner mellom nivåer av ioner både enzymaktivitet og genutrykk. De observerte effektene vurderes ikke i seg selv å utgjøre et velferdsproblem for fisken. Strategien med å bruke sjøvannsinnblanding i yngelstadiet virker derfor gjennomførbar så lenge det ikke finnes problemer med metaller i råvannskilden.
Vinteren 2009 ble forsøket SALISMOLT gjennomført, der en kontrollgruppe i ferskvann ble sammenlignet med tre ulike laksegrupper som ble utsatt for saltholdigheter på 5, 10 og 14 promille i seks uker under smoltifiseringsperioden. Man fant forskjeller i fysiologi, men ingen av resultatene tyder på at dette er et stort velferdsproblem for fisken. Fisk utsatt for 5, 10 og 14 promille under smoltifiseringsfasen spiste og vokste faktisk litt bedre enn kontrollgruppen i ferskvann i selve behandlingsperioden. Etter overføring til fullt sjøvann var det ingen forskjeller i vekst mellom gruppene. Det var heller ingen forskjell mellom gruppene i mottakelighet for vintersårbakterien Moritella viscosa etter avsluttet behandling og overføring til fullt sjøvann. Dette viser at i områder uten metallproblemer i vannkilden så kan sjøvannsinnblanding opptil 14 promille brukes i fasen før laksen er fullstendig smoltifisert.
Våren 2010 ble forsøkene COLDSMOLT I og II gjennomført. Lave temperaturer kan hemme smoltutviklingen hos laksesmolt. I COLDSMOLT I undersøkte en hvordan vårtemperaturen påvirker grunnleggende molekylære mekanismer og smoltkvalitet hos vill laksesmolt. Resultatene viser at gruppene fullførte smoltifiseringen til ulike tider avhengig av temperaturregimet. Dette viser at hypotesen om at endringene i parr-smolt transformasjonene kontrolleres av temperatur etter lysstimuli er rett. I COLDSMOLT II undersøkte man hvordan temperatur kontrollerer akklimeringen til sjøvann. Lave temperaturer kan begrense fiskens evne til å respondere på økning i salinitet. Resultatene viser at gruppene responderte på økningen i salinitet i henhold til temperaturregimet, noe som støtter hypotesen om at sjøvannsadapteringen kontrolleres av temperatur etter fullført smoltifisering.
Det siste forsøket COMBISMOLT ble gjennomført fra oktober 2010 til januar 2011. Målet med dette forsøket var å undersøke hvilke kombinasjoner av saltholdighet, temperatur og intensitet som gir den mest optimale produksjonen i form av høy overlevelse, god vekst og helse og lav risiko for vintersår. Foreløpige resultater viser bedre vekst, men litt dårligere overlevelse etter smitteforsøket med vintersårbakterien, i brakkvannsgruppene enn i ferskvannsgruppene.
Resultatene tyder på at bruk av sjøvannsinnblanding i kombinasjon med intensiv produksjon er en akseptabel produksjonsmåte der det er lite aluminium i råvannskilden, slik som i nordlige områder. I tillegg har en også brukt data fra NORSMOLT, VK-undersøkelsen og tidligere forsøk for å lage en produksjonsmodell for atlantisk laks i nordområdene. Den modellen som er utviklet viser interessante resultater som indikerer små effekter av produksjonsintensitet i settefiskstadiet for påfølgende vekst og dødelighet.
Prosjektorganisering
Prosjektet har vært finansiert gjennom Norges forskningsråd med delfinansiering fra FHF. Førstnevnte har hatt ansvaret for å kvalitetssikre prosjektet faglig og administrativt. Prosjektet har egen prosjektside hos Forskningsrådet (Forskningsrådets prosjektnr. 184997) med supplerende informasjon.
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Final report: NORSMOLT: Optimal smolt production and post smolt performance in the High North – Seawater intermixing, low temperatures and intensive rearing
Nofima. 24 May 2011. By Hilde Toften.
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Populærformidling: Norsk sammendrag av NORSMOLT
Nofima. 2011
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Presentasjon: NORSMOLT: Optimal produksjon av laks i nord – bruk av sjøvann, lave temperaturer og intensivt oppdrett
Nofima. FHF-samling om verdikjede laks 11.–12. mai 2011. Av Hilde Toften.
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Presentasjon: Riktig bruk av sjøvann
Nofima. FHFs strategisamling, 1.–2. juni 2010. Av Hilde Toften.
Background
This project intends to investigate various aspects of production strategies of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolt in Northern Norway that can make this region self-sufficient with smolts, and contribute to improved survival, growth, health, and low risk of winter ulcer outbreaks in farmed salmon, both during hatchery and sea cage stages.
This project intends to investigate various aspects of production strategies of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolt in Northern Norway that can make this region self-sufficient with smolts, and contribute to improved survival, growth, health, and low risk of winter ulcer outbreaks in farmed salmon, both during hatchery and sea cage stages.
Objectives
To develop an improved production model for Atlantic salmon smolt in Northern Norway that can make this region self-sufficient with smolts.
To develop an improved production model for Atlantic salmon smolt in Northern Norway that can make this region self-sufficient with smolts.
Expected project impact
The project will benefit the industry by providing scientific based information on the effects of currently applied production strategies, as well as recommendations to optimize fish performance and welfare to obtain a self-sufficient salmon industry in the northern region.
The project will benefit the industry by providing scientific based information on the effects of currently applied production strategies, as well as recommendations to optimize fish performance and welfare to obtain a self-sufficient salmon industry in the northern region.
An optimal production model will lead to increased survival, growth, health, and low risk of winter ulcer in farmed salmon, both during hatchery and sea cage stages.
Project design and implementation
The objective will be obtained by:
1: Monitoring growth and physiological performance in juvenile salmon during exposure to different salinities.
2: Examine growth, smolt physiology, health and susceptibility to Moritella viscosa in salmon smolts after exposure to different salinities.
3: Investigate the effect of low temperatures on development of basic hypo-osmoregulatory mechanisms in salmon smolts.
4: Examine growth, smolt physiology, health and susceptibility to M. viscosa in salmon smolts after exposure to three different rearing intensities and two temperatures in combination with sea water intermixing.
Organisering
The objective will be obtained by:
1: Monitoring growth and physiological performance in juvenile salmon during exposure to different salinities.
2: Examine growth, smolt physiology, health and susceptibility to Moritella viscosa in salmon smolts after exposure to different salinities.
3: Investigate the effect of low temperatures on development of basic hypo-osmoregulatory mechanisms in salmon smolts.
4: Examine growth, smolt physiology, health and susceptibility to M. viscosa in salmon smolts after exposure to three different rearing intensities and two temperatures in combination with sea water intermixing.
Organisering
Prosjektet finansieres gjennom Norges forskningsråd med fullfinansiering fra FHF. Førstnevnte har ansvaret for å kvalitetssikre prosjektet faglig og administrativt. Prosjektet har egen nettside hos Forskningsrådet (prosjektnr. 184997).
Dissemination of project results
Networking
A stakeholder network group with representatives from the producers in the High North region will be formed. Meetings will be arranged up to twice during the project period.
Stakeholder seminar
At the end of the project period we will communicate the results from the different experiments at a stakeholder seminar.
Popular publications
During the project period, a series of popular articles will be published in relevant magazines and on the Internet.
Scientific publication
The research will be presented at relevant international meetings and published in relevant international peer-reviewed scientific journals.
Networking
A stakeholder network group with representatives from the producers in the High North region will be formed. Meetings will be arranged up to twice during the project period.
Stakeholder seminar
At the end of the project period we will communicate the results from the different experiments at a stakeholder seminar.
Popular publications
During the project period, a series of popular articles will be published in relevant magazines and on the Internet.
Scientific publication
The research will be presented at relevant international meetings and published in relevant international peer-reviewed scientific journals.